![]() The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates. These were followed in 2016 by the "Florence Principles", seven basic principles for doctorates in the arts laid out by the European League of Institutes of the Arts, which have been endorsed by the European Association of Conservatoires, the International Association of Film and Television Schools, the International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, Design and Media, and the Society for Artistic Research. In 2005 the European University Association defined the "Salzburg Principles", 10 basic principles for third-cycle degrees (doctorates) within the Bologna Process. Universities sometimes award other types of doctorate besides the PhD, such as the Doctor of Musical Arts (D.M.A.) for music performers, Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) for legal scholars and the Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) for studies in education. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university. ![]() In most of Europe, all fields (history, philosophy, social sciences, mathematics, and natural philosophy/ sciences) other than theology, law, and medicine (the so-called professional, vocational, or technical curriculum) were traditionally known as philosophy, and in Germany and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of liberal arts was known as the "faculty of philosophy".Ī PhD candidate must submit a project, thesis, or dissertation often consisting of a body of original academic research, which is in principle worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed journal. In the context of the Doctor of Philosophy and other similarly titled degrees, the term "philosophy" does not refer to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is "love of wisdom". A group of new PhD graduates with their professors The completion of a PhD is typically required for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist in many fields. Since it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation, and defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. The abbreviation DPhil, from the English 'Doctor of Philosophy', is used by a small number of British and Commonwealth universities, including Oxford, formerly York, and Sussex, as the abbreviation for degrees from those institutions. in the U.S.), from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters ( / p iː eɪ tʃ ˈ d iː/, PEE-aych- DEE). The degree is abbreviated PhD (sometimes Ph.D. Please note that all abbreviations of Dutch titles are written with a full stop (in Dutch Dr gets a full stop too: dr.).Doctor of Philosophy conferred in 1973 from the State University of New York at BuffaloĪ Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil Latin: philosophiae doctor or doctor philosophiae) is the most common degree at the highest academic level, awarded following a course of study and research. ![]() International titles such as 'Prof.' and 'Dr' are the exception to this rule. If Dutch titles are retained, they are italicized in order to indicate the title is foreign. In English, unlike in Dutch, only the highest academic title is used. PhD: when addressing a PhD in a letter, use 'Dr'.Įxample: To Jane Doe PhD ('Mr' or 'Mrs' is omitted). Please note: when used as a title, it should start with a capital. In 'prof.' a full stop is used, unlike in any of the other titles (see above and below). When listing names in writing, other academic titles are included, such as BA, MA, PhD – all of which come after the surname. In spoken English, titles are generally not used, with the exception of Mr, Mrs, Ms, professor and doctor.
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